PROJECT: GRAPHS FOR QUALITATIVE DATA
Objective: Construct graphs for categorical data.

I. Perform the following operations
A. Add "Relative Frequency" and “Degrees” columns to the tables.

US GOVERNMENT’S EXPENDITURES 2001

PROGRAM	$ BILLIONS
Social Security	684
National Defense	342
Interest on the National Debt	190
Communities	190
Social Programs	342
Law Enforcement	38
Pay Down the National Debt	114

US GOVERNMENT’S EXPENDITURES 2002

PROGRAM	$ BILLIONS
Social Security	798
National Defense	420
Interest on the National Debt	168
Communities	210
Social Programs	441
Law Enforcement	63

MINITAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR GRAPHING THE U.S. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES 2001

DATA ENTRY

1. Click on the box in the upper right corner to enlarge "Worksheet 1".
2. Use the up arrow key on the keypad to move the cursor to the cell above
     (Column 1, Row 1), type the label, “RECIPIENT”.   Then use the down arrow
     key to move to (Column 1, Row 1) and type the first data entry, “Soc Sec”.
     Continue to use the down arrow to enter the next data entry, “Natl Def" in
     (Column 1, Row 2).  “Interest" goes in (Column 1, Row 3), “Comm” in (Column 1,
     Row 4), "Soc Prog" in (Column 1, Row 5), "Law Enf" in (Column 1, Row 6), and
     "NatlDebt" in (Column 1, Row 7).
3. Use the arrow keys to move to the cell above (Column 2, Row 1) and type in the
     second column label, “$Billions”.  Then use the down arrow and enter "684" in
     (Column 2, Row 1), "342" in (Column 2, Row 2), "190" in (Column 2, Row 3),
     "190" in (Column 2, Row 4), "342" in (Column 2, Row 5), "38" in (Column 2,
     Row 6) and "114" in (Column 1, Row 7).
NOTE: To make a data entry correction, use the arrow keys to highlight the cell with the error and type in the correct value. To accept the changes made to a cell, use the arrow key to move to another cell.

	C1-T	C2	C3	C4
	Recipient	$ Billions	Rel Freq	Degrees
1	Soc Sec	684
2	Natl Def	342
3	Interest	190
4	Comm	190
5	Soc Prog	342
6	Law Enf	38
7	Natl Debt	114

CALCULATING RELATIVE FREQUENCY AND DEGREES

1. Select "Calc" at the top of the page.
2. Select "Calculator".
3. The cursor automatically moves to the cell "Store Result in Variable". The
     variable "C3 Rel Freq“ appears in the rectangle on the left. Select “C3 Rel Freq”
     by clicking on it and then selecting “SELECT” at the bottom of the screen.
4. The cursor moves to "Expression:". Type "C2 / sum (C2)" and select "OK".
     This command divides each value in C2 by the sum of the values in C2 and
     stores them in C3.
5. Select "Calc" at the top of the page.
6. Select "Calculator".
7. The cursor automatically moves to the cell "Store Result in Variable". The
      variable "C4 Degrees“ appears in the rectangle on the left. Select “C4 Degrees”
      by clicking on it and then selecting “SELECT” at the bottom of the screen.
4. The cursor moves to "Expression:". Type "C3 * 360" and select "OK". This
     command multiplies each value in C3 by 360 and stores them in C4.

	C1-T	C2	C3	C4
	Recipient	$ Billions	Rel Freq	Degrees
1	Soc Sec	684	0.36	129.6
2	Natl Def	342	0.18	64.8
3	Interest	190	0.10	36.0
4	Comm	190	0.10	36.0
5	Soc Prog	342	0.18	64.8
6	Law Enf	38	0.02	7.2
7	Natl Debt	114	0.06	21.6

CONSTRUCTION OF A VERTICAL FREQUENCY BAR GRAPH

1. Use the mouse to select “GRAPH” from the menu at the top of the screen. Selection is made by clicking the left
     button of the mouse while it is pointing to the name of the item being selected.
2. In a similar manner, select “BAR CHART” from the menu that appears.
3. On the new screen, click on the arrow next to the term “BARS REPRESENT”.  Select the term “VALUES FROM
     A TABLE” from the menu that appears.
4. Select "SIMPLE" and then select "OK".
5. The cursor automatically moves to the cell "GRAPH VARIABLES". The variable "C2 $ Billions“ appears in the
     rectangle on the left. Select “C2 $Billions” by clicking on it and then selecting “SELECT” at the bottom of the screen.
6. Move the cursor to the "CATEGORICAL VARIABLE" cell. The variable “C1 RECIPIENT” appears in the rectangle
     to the left. Select “C1 RECIPIENT” by clicking on it and then selecting “SELECT” at the bottom of the screen.
7. To add a title to the graph, select “LABELS”. Type “U.S. FEDERAL GOVT SPENDING 2001” in the "TITLE"
     box.  Then select “OK”.
8. Select "DATA VIEW". Then select "BAR" and "OK".
9. Finally, to get MINITAB to display the vertical frequency bar graph, select “OK”.
10. To get a printed copy of the graph, click on “FILE” in the upper left corner of the screen and select “PRINT
        GRAPH”. Then select “OK” from the “PRINT” window.
11. Click on the "X" in the upper right corner to remove the graph and return to the MINITAB worksheet.

CONSTRUCTION OF A RELATIVE FREQUENCY PIE GRAPH

1. Use the mouse to select “GRAPH” from the menu at the top of the screen. Select “PIECHART” from the menu that
   appears.
2. On the new screen, click in the circle next to the term “CHART VALUES FROM A TABLE”.
3. Click in the “CATEGORICAL VARIABLE" box. The variables “C1 RECIPIENT” and "C2 $ Billions" appear in the
    rectangle on the left. Select “C1 RECIPIENT” by clicking on it and then selecting “SELECT” at the bottom
     of the screen.
4. The cursor moves inside the “SUMMARY VARIABLES” box. Select "C2 $ Billions" by clicking on it and then
     selecting “SELECT” at the bottom of the screen.
5. Click inside the “LABEL” box and type "U.S. FEDERAL GOVT SPENDING 2001" in the "TITLE" box.
6. Click on “SLICE LABELS" tab and select "PERCENT", "CATEGORY NAME", and "DRAW A LINE FROM LABEL
    TO SLICE". Select “OK”.
7. Finally, to display the pie Chart, select “OK” from the “PIECHART” menu.
8. When the pie graph appears, right click on the legend and choose "Delete" to remove the legend.

Saving your MINITAB worksheet.
1. Click on "File" in the upper left corner.
2. Select "Save current worksheet as".
3. Decide the drive where you want to save the MINITAB file and give it a name, such as "USFed2001" and click on
"SAVE".

MINITAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR GRAPHING THE U.S. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES 2002

CONSTRUCTION OF A HORIZONTAL RELATIVE FREQUENCY BAR GRAPH

1. Enter the data following the same procedure used for the 2001 data.

A vertical frequency bar graph must first be constructed in order to construct a horizontal frequency bar graph.
The steps for converting the above vertical relative frequency bar graph to a horizontal frequency are:
2. Use the mouse to select “GRAPH” from the menu at the top of the screen.   Selection is made by clicking the left
     button of the mouse while it is pointing to the name of the item being selected.
3. In a similar manner, select “BAR CHART” from the menu that appears.
4. On the new screen, click on the arrow next to the term “BARS REPRESENT”.  Select the term “VALUES FROM A
    TABLE” from the menu that appears.
5. Select "SIMPLE" and then select "OK".
6. The cursor automatically moves to the cell "GRAPH VARIABLES". The variable "C3 REL FREQ“ appears in the
     rectangle on the left. Select “C3 REL FREQ” by clicking on it and then selecting “SELECT” at the bottom of the screen.
7. Move the cursor to the "CATEGORICAL VARIABLE" cell. The variable “C1 RECIPIENT” appears in the
     rectangle to the left. Select “C1 RECIPIENT” by clicking on it and then selecting “SELECT” at the bottom of the
     screen.
8. Click on the "BAR CHART OPTIONS". Select "DEFAULT" and click "OK".
9. To add a title to the graph, select “LABELS”. Type “U.S. FEDERAL GOVT SPENDING 2002” in the "TITLE"
      box.  Then select “OK”.
10. Select "DATA VIEW". Then select "BAR" and "OK".
11. Finally, to get MINITAB to display the vertical relative frequency bar graph, select “OK”.

12. From the vertical graph, double click on one of the recipient's in the x axis. For example: double click on "SOC SEC".
13. Click on the square next to "TRANSPOSE VALUE AND CATEGORY SCALES". Then select "OK". This
converts the bars from vertical to horizontal.

CONSTRUCTION OF A FREQUENCY PIE GRAPH

1. Use the mouse to select “GRAPH” from the menu at the top of the screen. Select “PIECHART” from the menu that
   appears.
2. On the new screen, click in the circle next to the term “CHART VALUES FROM A TABLE”.
3. Click in the “CATEGORICAL VARIABLE" box. The variables “C1 RECIPIENT” and "C2 $ Billions" appear in the
    rectangle on the left. Select “C1 RECIPIENT” by clicking on it and then selecting “SELECT” at the bottom
     of the screen.
4. The cursor moves inside the “SUMMARY VARIABLES” box. Select "C2 $ Billions" by clicking on it and then
     selecting “SELECT” at the bottom of the screen.
5. Click inside the “LABEL” box and type "U.S. FEDERAL GOVT SPENDING 2002 IN BILLIONS OF DOLLARS"
      in the "TITLE" box.
6. Click on “SLICE LABELS" tab and select "FREQUENCY", "CATEGORY NAME", and "DRAW A LINE FROM LABEL
    TO SLICE". Select “OK”.
7. Finally, to display the pie Chart, select “OK” from the “PIECHART” menu.
8. When the pie graph appears, right click on the legend and choose "Delete" to remove the legend.

Exiting MINITAB
1. Click on "File" in the upper left corner.
2. Select "Exit".
3. If you have already saved your data, you can choose "No".

II. Compare the pie charts of US expenditures for 2001 and 2002. What differences do you find?
Write at least one paragraph describing what you feel are the factors responsible for these
differences?

     Answers will vary, possible responses will include:
     1. Payments on the National Debt were made in 2001 but were not made in 2002.
    2. References to September 11, 2001 that caused changes in the government spending
         in 2002.
     3. The government had a surplus in 2001.
     4. The government had to borrow to meet expenditures in 2002.
     5. Even though the government was spending more money, it passed legislation allowing tax
          breaks. This lowered its income.

Note 1: It is amazing (frightening) the number of students who do not connect Sept. 11, with the change in
government spending.

Note 2: Many students will attribute the change in spending to the "baby boomers" who are retiring. The increase
costs of Social Security is responsible for the changes in government spending.

Note #3: Reason #5 is unknown to may students but some students may be aware of it.

Click on the hand to return to the Business Statistics projects.